The codes:

 

// 5. Advanced Concepts/********************************************************1Templates*/// function template#include 
     
      using namespace std;template 
      
       T GetMax (T a, T b) {  T result;  result = (a>b)? a : b;  return (result);}int main () {  int i=5, j=6, k;  long l=10, m=5, n;  k=GetMax
       
        (i,j);  n=GetMax
        
         (l,m);  cout << k << endl;  cout << n << endl;  return 0;}// function template, test parameter#include 
         
          using namespace std;template 
          
            // T is template parameterT GetMax (T a, T b) { T result; result = (a>b)? a : b; return (result);}int main () { int i=5, j=6, k; long l=10, m=5, n; double d=12.9; k=GetMax
           
            (i,d); // 参数传递时，会强制类型转化。会提出警告 n=GetMax
            
             (l,m); cout << k << endl; cout << n << endl; return 0;}// function template II#include 
             
              using namespace std;template 
              
               T GetMax (T a, T b) { return (a>b?a:b);}int main () { int i=5, j=6, k; long l=10, m=5, n; k=GetMax(i,j); // 自动识别参数及返回类型。这时如把j改成实数，会通不过编译 n=GetMax(l,m); // 因为找不到合适函数 cout << k << endl; cout << n << endl; return 0;}// two different types#include 
               
                using namespace std;template 
                
                 T GetMax (T a, U b) { //但返回类型只能用一个 return (a>b?a:b);}int main () { int i=5, k; long m=5, n; double d=12.9; k=GetMax(i,d); // 测试不同参数类型 n=GetMax(d,m); // 能运行，有警告 cout << k << endl; cout << n << endl; return 0;}// class templates#include 
                 
                  using namespace std;template 
                  
                   class mypair { T a, b; public: mypair (T first, T second) {a=first; b=second;} T getmax ();};template 
                   
                     // must always use this template<...T mypair
                    
                     ::getmax (){ T retval; retval = a>b? a : b; return retval;}int main () { mypair 
                     
                       myobject (100, 75); // int is template parameter cout << myobject.getmax(); return 0;}// template specialization#include 
                      
                       using namespace std;// class template:template 
                       
                        class mycontainer { T element; public: mycontainer (T arg) {element=arg;} T increase () { return ++element;}};// class template specialization: 模板特化，指指定数据类型template <>class mycontainer 
                        
                          { char element; public: mycontainer (char arg) {element=arg;} char uppercase () { if ((element>='a')&&(element<='z')) element+='A'-'a'; return element; }};int main () { mycontainer
                         
                           myint (7); mycontainer
                          
                            mychar ('j'); cout << myint.increase() << endl; cout << mychar.uppercase() << endl; return 0;}// sequence template#include 
                           
                            using namespace std;template 
                            
                             class mysequence { T memblock [N]; public: void setmember (int x, T value); T getmember (int x);};template 
                             
                              void mysequence
                              
                               ::setmember (int x, T value) { memblock[x]=value;}template 
                               
                                T mysequence
                                
                                 ::getmember (int x) { return memblock[x];}int main () { mysequence 
                                 
                                   myints; mysequence 
                                  
                                    myfloats; myints.setmember (0,100); myfloats.setmember (3,3.1416); cout << myints.getmember(0) << '\n'; cout << myfloats.getmember(3) << '\n'; return 0;}/*********************************************2Namespaces*/// namespaces#include 
                                   
                                    using namespace std;namespace first{ int var = 5;}namespace second{ double var = 3.1416;}int main () { cout << first::var << endl; cout << second::var << endl; return 0;}// using#include 
                                    
                                     using namespace std;namespace first{ int x = 5; int y = 10;}namespace second{ double x = 3.1416; double y = 2.7183;}int main () { using first::x; using second::y; cout << x << endl; cout << y << endl; cout << first::y << endl; cout << second::x << endl; return 0;}// using#include 
                                     
                                      using namespace std;namespace first{ int x = 5; int y = 10;}namespace second{ double x = 3.1416; double y = 2.7183;}int main () { using namespace first; cout << x << endl; cout << y << endl; cout << second::x << endl; cout << second::y << endl; return 0;}// using -- 修改。同名的情况，要有个覆盖规则，不知道是什么？// 作用域，与函数中的同名变量一样。#include 
                                      
                                       using namespace std;namespace first{ int x = 5; int y = 10;}namespace second{ double x = 3.1416; double y = 2.7183;}int main () { int x = 3; using namespace first; cout << x << endl; cout << y << endl; cout << second::x << endl; cout << second::y << endl; return 0;}// using namespace example#include 
                                       
                                        using namespace std;namespace first{ int x = 5;}namespace second{ double x = 3.1416;}int main () { { using namespace first; cout << x << endl; } { using namespace second; cout << x << endl; } return 0;}/*************************************************3Exceptions*/// exceptions#include 
                                        
                                         using namespace std;int main () { try { throw 20; } catch (int e) { cout << "An exception occurred. Exception Nr. " << e << endl; } return 0;}// default handler#include 
                                         
                                          #include 
                                          
                                           using namespace std;int main () { string s; try { cin >> s; if( s.length()>1 || s.length()<1 ) throw s; else throw s[0]; } catch( char param ) { cout << "This is a char." << endl; } catch(...) { cout << "default exception, string" << endl; } return 0;}// nest try-catch 注意一点：throw的类型与catch的参数，要对应上//否则可能不会有语法错误，但错误是捕捉不到了#include 
                                           
                                            #include 
                                            
                                             using namespace std;int main () { string s; try { cin >> s; try{ if( 1==s.length() ) throw s[0]; // s[0] 改成 s 试试? } catch( char c ) { cout << "The char is: " << c << endl; } if( s.length()>1 ) throw s; } catch(...) { cout << "default exception, string" << endl; } return 0;}// standard exceptions#include 
                                             
                                              #include 
                                              
                                               using namespace std;class myexception: public exception{ virtual const char* what() const throw() { return "My exception happened"; }} myex;int main () { try { throw myex; } catch (exception& e) // & { cout << e.what() << endl; } return 0;}// bad_alloc standard exception#include 
                                               
                                                #include 
                                                
                                                 using namespace std;int main () { try { int* myarray= new int[1000]; } catch (exception& e) { cout << "Standard exception: " << e.what() << endl; } return 0;}/*******************************************************4Type Casting*/// class type-casting#include 
                                                 
                                                  using namespace std;class CDummy { float i,j;};class CAddition { int x,y; public: CAddition (int a, int b) { x=a; y=b; } int result() { return x+y;}};int main () { CDummy d; CAddition * padd; padd = (CAddition*) &d; cout << padd->result(); return 0;}// dynamic_cast#include 
                                                  
                                                   #include 
                                                   
                                                    using namespace std;class CBase { virtual void dummy() {} };class CDerived: public CBase { int a; };int main () { try { CBase * pba = new CDerived; CBase * pbb = new CBase; CDerived * pd; pd = dynamic_cast
                                                    
                                                     (pba); if (pd==0) cout << "Null pointer on first type-cast" << endl; pd = dynamic_cast
                                                     
                                                      (pbb); if (pd==0) cout << "Null pointer on second type-cast" << endl; } catch (exception& e) {cout << "Exception: " << e.what();} return 0;}// const_cast#include 
                                                      
                                                       using namespace std;void print (char * str){ cout << str << endl;}int main () { const char * c = "sample text"; print ( const_cast
                                                       
                                                         (c) ); //print( c ); return 0;}// typeid#include 
                                                        
                                                         #include 
                                                         
                                                          using namespace std;int main () { int * a,b; a=0; b=0; if (typeid(a) != typeid(b)) { cout << "a and b are of different types:\n"; cout << "a is: " << typeid(a).name() << '\n'; cout << "b is: " << typeid(b).name() << '\n'; } return 0;}// typeid, polymorphic class#include 
                                                          
                                                           #include 
                                                           
                                                            #include 
                                                            
                                                             using namespace std;class CBase { virtual void f(){} };class CDerived : public CBase {};int main () { try { CBase* a = new CBase; CBase* b = new CDerived; cout << "a is: " << typeid(a).name() << '\n'; cout << "b is: " << typeid(b).name() << '\n'; cout << "*a is: " << typeid(*a).name() << '\n'; cout << "*b is: " << typeid(*b).name() << '\n'; } catch (exception& e) { cout << "Exception: " << e.what() << endl; } return 0;}/*********************************************************5. preprocessor directives 预处理指令*/// function macro#include 
                                                             
                                                              using namespace std;#define getmax(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))int main () { int x=5, y; y=getmax(x,2); cout << y << endl; cout << getmax(7,x) << endl; return 0;}// standard macro names#include 
                                                              
                                                               using namespace std;int main () { cout << "This is the line number " << __LINE__; cout << " of file " << __FILE__ << ".\n"; cout << "Its compilation began " << __DATE__; cout << " at " << __TIME__ << ".\n"; cout << "The compiler gives a __cplusplus value of "; cout << __cplusplus << endl; return 0;}